{"id":39193,"date":"2025-11-07T15:25:23","date_gmt":"2025-11-07T23:25:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/blog\/?p=39193"},"modified":"2025-11-07T15:25:24","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T23:25:24","slug":"how-to-create-videos-from-images-using-ffmpeg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/blog\/questions\/how-to-create-videos-from-images-using-ffmpeg\/","title":{"rendered":"How to create videos from images using FFmpeg"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>You have a folder full of photos and you want a smooth slideshow video with a soundtrack, crossfades, and the right resolution for sharing. This is a common thread in dev communities, and the most flexible answer usually involves FFmpeg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Question:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>How to create videos from images using FFmpeg?<\/em><br><em>I have a set of images (some numbered, some not). I want to stitch them into an MP4 at a specific frame rate, optionally add audio, ensure the output is 1920&#215;1080 without distortion, and maybe add basic crossfade transitions or a Ken Burns pan and zoom. What are the recommended FFmpeg commands and pitfalls to avoid?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Answer:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>FFmpeg\u2019s image2 demuxer makes this straightforward and very configurable. Here are practical patterns you can mix and match.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Basic slideshow from numbered images<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If your files are zero-padded like img_0001.jpg, img_0002.jpg, and so on:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs shcb-wrap-lines\">ffmpeg -framerate 30 -i imgs\/img_%04d.jpg \\\n\u00a0 -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -r 30 output.mp4<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>-framerate sets input frame rate, -r sets output frame rate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use yuv420p for wide player compatibility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Unnumbered files using glob patterns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For images like frameA.jpg, frameB.jpg:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript shcb-wrap-lines\">ffmpeg -pattern_type glob -framerate <span class=\"hljs-number\">24<\/span> -i <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"imgs\/*.jpg\"<\/span> \\\n\u00a0 -c:v libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p slideshow.mp4<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Tip: Ensure the glob expands in the order you expect. Sorting at the OS level before running FFmpeg helps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) Control how long each image shows<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To give each image its own display duration, use the concat demuxer:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PHP\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"php\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-php shcb-wrap-lines\"><span class=\"hljs-comment\"># list.txt<\/span>\nfile <span class=\"hljs-string\">'img1.jpg'<\/span>\nduration <span class=\"hljs-number\">2.5<\/span>\nfile <span class=\"hljs-string\">'img2.jpg'<\/span>\nduration <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>\nfile <span class=\"hljs-string\">'img3.jpg'<\/span>\nduration <span class=\"hljs-number\">4<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\"># Repeat the last image line once more to finalize timing<\/span>\nfile <span class=\"hljs-string\">'img3.jpg'<\/span>\n\nffmpeg -f concat -safe <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span> -i <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">list<\/span>.txt \\\n\u00a0 -vf fps=<span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span>,format=yuv420p -c:v libx264 output.mp4<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PHP<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">php<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4) Fit everything cleanly into 1920&#215;1080<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Preserve aspect ratio and pad to full HD with a neutral background:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript shcb-wrap-lines\">ffmpeg -framerate <span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span> -i imgs\/img_%<span class=\"hljs-number\">04<\/span>d.jpg \\\n\u00a0 -vf <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,\\\npad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)\/2:(oh-ih)\/2,format=yuv420p\"<\/span> \\\n\u00a0 -c:v libx264 -r <span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span> slideshow_1080p.mp4<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5) Add a soundtrack<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Map in audio and end when either video or audio finishes:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript shcb-wrap-lines\">ffmpeg -framerate <span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span> -i imgs\/img_%<span class=\"hljs-number\">04<\/span>d.jpg -i music.mp3 \\\n\u00a0 -vf <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,\\\npad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)\/2:(oh-ih)\/2,format=yuv420p\"<\/span> \\\n\u00a0 -c:v libx264 -r <span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span> -c:a aac -b:a <span class=\"hljs-number\">192<\/span>k -shortest slideshow_music.mp4<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6) Simple crossfade between two or more images<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Loop each image for a few seconds, then xfade:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript shcb-wrap-lines\">ffmpeg \\\n\u00a0 -loop <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> -t <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span> -i img1.jpg \\\n\u00a0 -loop <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> -t <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span> -i img2.jpg \\\n\u00a0 -filter_complex <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"\\\n&#91;0:v]scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,\\\npad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)\/2:(oh-ih)\/2,format=yuv420p&#91;v0];\\\n&#91;1:v]scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,\\\npad=1920:1080:(ow-ih)\/2:(oh-ih)\/2,format=yuv420p&#91;v1];\\\n&#91;v0]&#91;v1]xfade=transition=fade:duration=0.7:offset=2.3&#91;v]\"<\/span> \\\n\u00a0 -map <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"&#91;v]\"<\/span> -c:v libx264 -r <span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span> xfade.mp4<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Repeat the xfade chaining to add more images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7) Ken Burns pan and zoom on a single image<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Create gentle motion with zoompan. For a 5 second 1080p clip at 30 fps:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript shcb-wrap-lines\">ffmpeg -loop <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> -t <span class=\"hljs-number\">5<\/span> -i photo.jpg \\\n\u00a0 -vf <span class=\"hljs-string\">\"zoompan=z='min(zoom+0.0015,1.5)':x='iw\/2-(iw\/zoom\/2)':\\\ny='ih\/2-(ih\/zoom\/2)':d=150,scale=1920:1080,format=yuv420p\"<\/span> \\\n\u00a0 -c:v libx264 -r <span class=\"hljs-number\">30<\/span> kenburns.mp4<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>For more on creative approaches, see the <a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/guides\/image-effects\/ken-burns-effect-complete-guide-and-how-to-apply-it\">Ken Burns guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quality and performance tips<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use -crf 18 to 23 for H.264 quality. Lower is higher quality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set -preset faster to slower depending on time vs. compression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stick to yuv420p for broad compatibility.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Read this overview of FFmpeg\u2019s strengths and tradeoffs: <a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/guides\/video-formats\/ffmpeg-features-use-cases-and-pros-cons-you-should-know\">FFmpeg features and pros and cons<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For broader encoding best practices, see <a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/guides\/web-performance\/video-encoding-how-it-works-formats-best-practices\">Video encoding best practices<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Cloudinary can help in this workflow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Preprocess images at source. Standardize dimensions and aspect ratio via URL-based transformations so FFmpeg receives consistent inputs. This reduces filter complexity and mismatched sizes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apply zoompan or crop variants on demand to audition looks before baking them into a final slideshow.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Once the slideshow is exported, upload it, allowing the delivery layer to manage format adjustments, thumbnails, and other variations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">TL;DR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Numbered images: use -framerate on input and yuv420p output.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use concat or -loop with xfade for durations and transitions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scale and pad to 1920&#215;1080 to avoid distortion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add audio with -shortest to stop at the right time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tune quality with -crf and -preset. Review <a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/guides\/video-formats\/ffmpeg-features-use-cases-and-pros-cons-you-should-know\">FFmpeg best uses<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/guides\/web-performance\/video-encoding-how-it-works-formats-best-practices\">encoding tips<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learn More<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/tools\/mp4-to-gif\">MP4 to GIF<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/tools\/mkv-to-mp4\">MKV to MP4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/tools\/webm-to-mp4\">WEBM to MP4<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/tools\/image-upscale\">Image Upscale<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ready to optimize your media pipeline from source images to finished video and delivery? <a href=\"https:\/\/cloudinary.com\/users\/register_free\">Sign up for free<\/a> and start building a faster, more reliable workflow today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You have a folder full of photos and you want a smooth slideshow video with a soundtrack, crossfades, and the right resolution for sharing. This is a common thread in dev communities, and the most flexible answer usually involves FFmpeg. Question: How to create videos from images using FFmpeg?I have a set of images (some [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":39194,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[423],"class_list":["post-39193","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-questions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.6 (Yoast SEO v26.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to create videos from images using FFmpeg<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"You have a folder full of photos and you want a smooth slideshow video with a soundtrack, crossfades, and the right resolution for sharing. 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